Cloud cost engineering, plainly.
Specific, numbers-heavy writing on what an AWS bill actually looks like, when Hetzner saves you 70 percent, where multi-cloud arbitrage pays off, and the pricing model traps nobody warns you about. No 101 content.
Storage tiers explained: hot, warm, cold, archive — and what they cost
S3 Standard at $0.023/GB-month down to Glacier Deep Archive at $0.00099/GB-month. When intelligent tiering pays and when retrieval costs eat the savings.
GPU pricing across providers in 2026 (H100, A100, L4 ranked)
Hourly H100, A100, L4, and consumer-grade GPU pricing across hyperscalers and specialists. Where ML training is actually cheapest in 2026, ranked.
EBS vs instance store vs NVMe local: picking the right disk
gp3 vs io2 vs instance store vs local NVMe. Latency, durability, cost, and what each is genuinely good at — with the real numbers on each.
Spot instance economics: when interruption is fine
Spot at 70-90% off On-Demand looks irresistible. The interruption rate isn't random — diversify across instance types and the math works for far more workloads than people think.
ARM (Graviton, Ampere, Axion) vs x86: when to actually switch
Graviton4 at 30% off Intel for general compute, Axion catching up, Cobalt landing. Where ARM actually wins in 2026 and where the migration cost eats the savings.
The egress trap: what it actually costs to leave the cloud
AWS at $0.09/GB, GCP at $0.12/GB, Hetzner at EUR 1/TB. A 100 TB egress month costs $9000 on AWS and EUR 80 on Hetzner. Why the difference exists and how to model it.
Why Hetzner is half the price (and what you give up)
Hetzner CPX21 at EUR 5.83/month vs AWS m6i.large at $70/month. What the hyperscalers charge for that you actually get on Hetzner — and what you genuinely don't.
Reserved Instances vs Savings Plans vs Spot: a one-page cheat sheet
Reserved Instances, Savings Plans, Spot, On-Demand — a decision matrix based on workload shape, risk tolerance, and the effective discount you actually realise.
Reading an AWS bill: the 8 line items most teams miss
EBS snapshots, NAT data processing, S3 LIST, CloudWatch ingest, KMS, AZ-to-AZ traffic, IPv4, Public IPv4 — the line items that quietly add 20-40% to every AWS invoice.
AWS vs GCP vs Azure: what the headline pricing pages don't tell you
Every hyperscaler buries 4-5 line items off the headline pricing page. Here is what actually shows up on the invoice — egress, IOPS, NAT, snapshots — with numbers from real workloads.